1ST LYNCHING MEMORIAL MARKER DEDICATED
IN PULASKI COUNTY; 2ND IN ARKANSAS
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On Sunday, June 13, 2021, the APJMM Pulaski County Community Remembrance Project (APJMM-PCCRP), in partnership with the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) and the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, held a dedication ceremony installing a permanent memorial marker to honor the humanity of racialized terror lynching victim John Carter. This was the first of several markers that APJMM-PCCRP plans to erect in the next 2-3 years throughout Pulaski County.
John Carter was lynched on May 4, 1927, near the present-day intersection of Twelfth Street, Kanis Road, and Rodney Parham Road, which in 1927 was just outside of the City of Little Rock boundaries. However, after his hanging body was riddled with 100-200 bullets, he was taken down, attached to a vehicle and his body was paraded for five miles up Mississippi Street to Markham Street then throughout downtown Little Rock, including passing both the police station and city hall, before the mob numbering in the thousands stopped at the intersection of Ninth Street and Broadway Avenue, the heart of "The Line," Little Rock's very own "Black Wall Street."
There, his body was thrown on top of a bonfire made in the intersection fueled with pews from the historic Bethel A.M.E. Church, Little Rock's first Black church founded by Rev. Nathan Ware (the first Black business owner in Arkansas) that served as the hub of the Back-to-Africa movement in the 1880s-1890s, and its basement was the original site Bethel Institute (now known as Shorter College).
Judge Scipio Africanus Jones, a graduate of Bethel Institute and the attorney who won the freedom of the Elaine 12 -- sentenced to death as a result of the Elaine Race Massacre of 1919, worked diligently behind the scenes while the lynch mob rioted and looted throughout downtown for more than three hours, to ensure that the Black residents of Little Rock stayed safe and that another massacre did not ignite. It took the Gov. John Martineau's deployment of the Arkansas National Guard to quell the violence. The City of Little Rock was placed under martial law for three days.
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Below are links to watch: (1) the full memorial marker dedication ceremony, (2) the award-winning documentary short "Vilified" produced by Little Rock native Korey J. Isbell, (3) the 2021 National Day of Racial Healing "Vilified" descendants panel discussion, and (4) "John Carter and Lonnie Dixon: Remembering 1927" featuring Stephanie Harp and Kwami Abdul-Bey, an episode in the CALS Race, Rage, and Resistance lecture series. |
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What Juneteenth Can Do for Black Folks Today
By Carissa Rodgers, Transformational Coach & Educator
What has become of a Juneteenth to the black and indigenous peoples of America? What has become of liberation? Juneteenth recognizes the 19th Day of June in 1865 when slaves in Texas first learned that they were free and embodied it. However, the Emancipation Proclamation which declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free," was issued on January 1, 1863. One should beg the question of why any person, regardless of color, would need to be informed that they are free. Such is the case with any slave state, whether operation is employed through the physical force, mental coercion or even comfort.
There are some critics who might argue that while the legal, physical version of slavery ended in 1865 when the slaves were made aware of their freedom, others might contend that slavery is still alive by another name. whether it be the system of mass incarceration and the prison industrial complex or the effects of pop culture on the minds of our youth. Based on our progress as a collective people, do we understand that we are free?
This annual occasion of Juneteenth is an opportunity to reflect on and evaluate our collective progress and committed will to using our freedom to create the future. With the disenfranchisement that still occurs today, we have no primer time than the current moment to fortify our dreams for ourselves, the unity amongst one another to facilitate it and the healing it must be predicated upon.
Time and energy are our most valuable resources. How we choose to delegate and allocate them knowing they are precious is a choice that each of us must make. The trifling of time nor energy is not an option. As you reflect this Juneteenth, here are some self inventory questions you can use to assess your progress, individually and collectively. They are only helpful if you are completely honest when answering them. The only one who will know the full depth of truth offered is you. If your answers are not currently reflecting your ideal way of being, use Juneteenth as an impetus to begin shifting your own reality in ways that serve you and the connective through organizing our individual gifts to edify our collective needs and goals.
- Am I committed to healing and being the absolute best I can be in all things?
- Am I committed to living in relationship with people who look like me that I am safe being accountable to/with?
- Am I committed to considering the people I’m accountable to or is it usually only about me and what I want?
- Who are my teachers? What have they taught me about life and being?
- What ways do I dream of being in community? What, if anything, is stopping me?
- Do I know the legacy and story of my ancestors, personal and collective?
- How am I using my freedom to further their legacy?
- If the future is written through what we do now, then what am I adding to the story about the reality of my people?
- Where have I seen the most progress within myself and community? How can I enhance this?
- If I haven’t witnessed or don’t know any, am I committed to learning? Where can I start this process?
- How am I using my personal gifts to enhance myself and community?
- How far does my community stretch?
- If I do not have a group that I identify as a community that I can be in safe space, how will I find them?
Nothing about freedom is free. It will take our intentional heart, will, energy, effort and sacrifice in order to pay the cost. Yet, we have everything we need. It is up to us to come together and move with precision. The soul of our future hangs in the balance of us acknowledging a power that is divinely ours to define and create our destiny with each other and amongst the stars. May we be reminded that we are already free. May we walk towards each other as we all find our way home.
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Traveling Without Moving: Transatlantic Fellow—Cohort—Creative
By Clarice Abdul-Bey, APJMM co-convenor
I remember it clearly, waking up in a hotel room in Tulsa, OK, feeling unrested. I guess I didn’t connect my spirit feeling tired from listening and being in the midst of all of the generations, who know too well, and others not enough, but eager to stand with their elders in solidarity for truth justice, equity and transformation. The centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 was deemed a day of mourning and I felt all of it.
As I sat at the hotel desk I began to daydream about our outings into the Greenwood District and how I felt transported every time I entered a space of remembrance. After a few minutes, I checked my email and to my delight and amazement, I was offered a fellowship with Building a Diverse and Inclusive Culture of Remembrance (DAICOR).
Back Story
A few weeks prior to our trip to Tulsa to commemorate the centennial of the 1921 Race Massacre, Dr. Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm sent an email letting our partnering organizations know that this fellowship was extended and we should apply. My first inclination was that I wouldn’t have time to do the essay questions and information required due to my focus on the John Carter memorial marker ceremony in a few weeks and our trip to Tulsa. I was quickly motivated by my colleague Donald Wood, who expressed “Clarice, I think you’d be perfect for it...” After looking over the information in detail, I became excited about the possibility of working with like minded individuals who wanted to transform our public spaces into more diverse, equitable and inclusive spaces of remembrance.
Fast forward to me sifting through emails that morning at my hotel desk and finding the DAICOR letter of acceptance into the fellowship. I jumped up, danced a little said a word of thanksgiving and shared my joy with Kwami and Lorne, who prior to my announcement looked at me oddly. Tuesday, June 22nd, was our 3rd official (zoom) meeting with cohorts from both Germany and throughout the US. I am thrilled and honored to be among such esteemed individuals, all scholars and leaders in their fields.
Although, due to the pandemic we are unable to travel to Germany and see these monuments in person and meet with our German cohorts here in the US; there is a possibility for us to do some traveling in 2022. There is much to learn from our historical tragedies in Germany and in the US. The systems of oppression and war are interconnected. The teachings of these systems were shared and executed. The roots of these systems still exist and are seen in our everyday lives and the aesthetics of our communities. I am grateful for a transatlantic program that understands the importance of honoring cultural narratives and spaces of remembrance. I am also grateful for new opportunities to share globally and within my own community .
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About DAICOR and for more information
DAICOR is a reciprocal transatlantic exchange program for individuals with a professional interest in the promotion of an inclusive and progressive culture of remembrance in public spaces in Germany and the United States.
DAICOR will build a new transatlantic network of experts in this respective field and will be implemented in two cohorts (2021 and 2022). Each year the program will bring together 16 individuals in the course of two joint exchanges, to explore how diversity, equity and inclusion are currently being implemented in the memorial cultures in the U.S. and Germany.
The program will be accomplished through a series of expert meetings, case studies and group reflections with policymakers, government representatives, memorial institutions, museums, and institutions for political and cultural education. Selected participants will explore how the public space can be reimagined to reflect more diverse and culturally tolerant remembrances, while comparing lessons learned and best practices from each country’s past and current efforts. By the end of the program, participants will be expected to devise a practical approach, campaign, or action plan that further contributes to an inclusive and tolerant culture of remembrance.
Cultural Vistas administers the DAICOR exchange together with its partner, the Heinrich Böll Foundation North America. The Heinrich Böll Foundation is a non-profit organization that is part of the global green movement. Based in Berlin, Germany, it has a network of over 30 offices around the world, working to advance political and socioeconomic transformations through civic engagement and political dialogue.
The foundation’s work focuses on strengthening civil liberties, human rights, and democratic institutions. It also actively promotes gender equality, social justice, and equity and works to shape multilateral processes and the norms that govern them. DAICOR aligns with the foundation’s goal to strengthen the relationship between the United States and Europe.
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Dr. Sybil Hampton, the first Black student to attend all three years at, and graduate from, Little Rock Central High School, pours soil into a jar for the memorial soil collection honoring John Carter's life. The APJMM Pulaski County Community Remembrance Project, in cooperation with the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) and the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, erected a memorial marker at Haven of Rest Cemetery, in the vicinity of where Carter was lynched on May 4, 1927, as part of a continuing effort to erect memorial markers for known victims of lynchings throughout the state. The first marker was erected last month in Fayetteville (by the Washington County Community Remembrance Project), a third is planned in Argenta in October, and a fourth is planned in Malvern in the Spring of 2022 (by the APJMM Hot Spring County Community Remembrance Project). (Photo courtesy of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.)
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The Still Untaught History
of Juneteenth
By Kwami Abdul-Bey, APJMM Co-Convenor
On Thursday, June 17, 2021, as part of his observance of the 2015 Massacre at Mother Emanuel Church in Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. President Joseph R. Biden signed into law Senate Bill 475 (Juneteenth National Independence Day Act), performatively making it Public Law 117-17.
When I think about the very rudimentary knowledge that the vast majority of the congresspersons vocalized on the true history and meaning of Juneteenth as they rose to speak in support of the bill during debate on the House floor, I wondered if any of those who voted in favor of its very rushed passage have ever critically read, in its entirety, President Abraham Lincoln's General Order No. 95, the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation," or any of the other similar predated orders issued by several of his generals, including General John C. Frémont, to enforce the Congressional Confiscation Acts.
THEY KNEW
The mention of slavery in the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation" should have never become, and should not remain, the sole focus of Juneteenth--due to become a highly commercialized federal holiday that will sadly focus on just that: the fallacy that slavery in the United States was finally ended on June 19, 1865, with the public pronouncement of Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger's General Order No. 3, in Galveston Bay, Texas. This, too, requires a critical read, in its entirety, by the proponents of Juneteenth, who also falsely believe that the enslaved Americans being held in bondage in the State of Texas lacked knowledge of the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation" before June 19, 1865.
Before the ink was dry on the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation," wealthy landowners from throughout the Confederate States of America began a rapid migration to Texas, taking those enslaved Americans that they deemed as their property with them to avoid the prospect of having to grant them freedom and lose their value as such. It is documented that approximately 150,000 enslaved Americans were relocated to Texas from Arkansas and Missouri alone to avoid the ramifications of the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation." So, coupled with the fact of the existence of the telegraph and the printing press, it is a bit too simplistic--and even patronizing--to continue to advance the myth that enslaved Americans in Texas completely lacked knowledge of the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation" more than two years after its issuance.
FREE * ish
While the first draft of Lincoln's Order was, in its character, a proposed abolition proclamation that targeted the institution of slavery as it existed in the territories controlled by the then still-defiant Confederacy that did not even recognize federal authority, the last draft issued on January 1, 1863, only sought to deal with individual enslaved Americans living within those same territories through the performative act of emancipating
individuals temporarily versus
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abolishing the institution of slavery permanently. Fact is, Lincoln lacked the legal authority to do either. And, he acknowledged this several times, explaining that his order was a wartime measure with specific and distinct military purposes, serving as his trump card to finally allow the Union army to win the War of Southern Rebellion. His goal was to change the focus and purpose of the war, in a calculated effort to deny several European nations the chance to enter the war as the allies of the Confederacy. And, he publicly stated that the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was the correction to the illegality, and lack of true authority, encompassed within the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation" concerning the topic of enslavement.
On the positive side, the little-known / rarely-discussed part of the so-called "Emancipation Proclamation" that actually was within Lincoln's legal authority to enact was his creation of the United States Colored Troops (USCT). And, this was the true turning point in the war, as the Union army's troop numbers nearly doubled within just a few months. And, it was the USCT that eventually captured Richmond, the Confederate capital, in April 1865, two-weeks before Lincoln's assassination. And, it was the USCT that accompanied, and protected, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger when he entered Galveston Bay, for the second time since 1862, after the Union Navy was initially repelled by the Texas Confederate Army.
However, this time as the USCT were entering Texas, tens of thousands of sons and daughters of the Confederacy immediately fled America by crossing the Rio Grande into Mexico and dispersing throughout Central and South America. The vast majority of them landed in Brazil where slavery was still legal. The descendants of those Confederate ex-patriots are known throughout Latin America as Confederados. And, the USCT troops later became known as the Buffalo Soldiers.
WHOSE DAY OFF?
Reservations and fears about the coming mass commercialization of the now federal Juneteenth holiday aside, it is important to understand the legal connection between the master-slave relationship and the employer-employee relationship, as the two indistinguishable in 19th century American common law. This relationship is even memorialized in the rarely read second section of Gen. Granger's order on June 19, 1865, as well as being enshrined within the meaning of the Thirteen Amendment. So, this leads to the 19th century legal definition of slavery as the act of forcefully denying one agency, discretion and control over the fruits of one's labor, which are property rights.
With this being the case, I finally get to my point: Juneteenth should be a celebration of the day the Buffalo Soldiers finally checkmated the Confederacy, officially launching the Reconstruction Era. It should be a time when we, as a nation, remember the ingenuity and perseverance that formerly enslaved Americans demonstrated as they amassed collective economic and political power that changed this nation for the better, such as in Greenwood, Oklahoma. At the same time, it should be a time when we, as a nation, remember, as Bryan Stevenson, founder of the Equal Justice Initiative, always reminds us, "Slavery did not end; it evolved." The remnants of that institution are alive and well today, still reeking havoc on Melaninated Americans in the form of: the prison industrial complex, the law enforcement industry, the bail industry, and the concept of human capital.
Remember, this new federal holiday does not even guarantee a paid day off for all of the hourly wage workers making less than a living wage in the service industry that thrives off of holiday income.
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Ever Hopeful Arkansans Join to Seek Justice
and Pardons for the 122 Elaine Defendants
On Saturday, May 8, 2021, at a memorial ceremony hosted by the
Maryland Lynching Memorial Project, term-limited Republican Governor Larry Hogan became the first, and only, governor to issue a comprehensive set of posthumous pardons to thirty-four Black men and boys who were wrongfully charged and/or convicted of
various crimes between 1854 and 1933, resulting in their becoming victims of lynch mobs.
During the press conference announcing the pardons, Gov. Hogan stated that a group of students from Loch Raven Technical Academy, working with the Maryland Lynching Memorial Project, petitioned him in February of this year to pardon 15-year old Howard Cooper who was lynched while his criminal case was pending before the U.S. Supreme
Court.
After Kwami Abdul-Bey, one of the co-convenors of the Arkansas Peace & Justice Memorial Movement (APJMM), watched the ceremony where Gov. Hogan announced the pardons, he called Lisa Hicks Gilbert, founder of the Descendants of the Elaine Massacre of 1919 (DOME1919) and told her, "We now have precedent to show Gov. Hutchinson for the Elaine defendants."
APJMM and DOME1919 have been working unsuccessfully with UALR historian Dr. Brian Mitchell, the Elaine Massacre Memorial Committee and several other historians from throughout the state since 2018 to convince the State of Arkansas to take bold, and official, steps towards memorializing the nearly 500 victims of racialized terror lynchings in this state, starting with the centennial of the Elaine Race Massacre of 1919, this nation's worst ever event of deadly racism. They have had numerous meetings with Gov. Asa Hutchinson, multiple state legislators, and officials of different state departments towards this goal and have gotten very little traction.
"Our only success has been getting the governor to issue the first ever gubernatorial proclamation for the 2020 National Day of Racial Healing," said Abdul-Bey.
The coalition failed getting passed two bills written by Kwami Abdul-Bey. During the 2019 legislative session, the coalition had introduced SB591, a bill patterned after the legislation that led to the creation of the Maryland Lynching Memorial Project, a statewide truth and reconciliation commission. That bill failed in the Education Committee where they were erroneously told that this is the type of work that the Arkansas Martin Luther King, Jr. Commission does. During the 2021 legislative session, the coalition had introduced SB674, which, if passed into law, would have established the Unify Arkansas Commission, created Elaine Remembrance Week, and opened a pathway for the full posthumous exoneration of all 122 wrongfully convicted defendants of the Elaine Race Massacre. Yet, that bill also failed in committee for similar reasons, even though it had no opposition and dozens of supporters from throughout the state that went to the State Capitol to testify on behave of it.
Now, in the both immense and overwhelming shadow of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission's month-long "Remember & Rise" programming that began last week, Hicks remains hopeful, "Oklahoma definitely has a lot to teach Arkansas in how to respect and honor the descendants of racial violence. It was wonderful how the Tulsa survivors and descendants were given an opportunity to testify in Congress on the pain that they carry every day. All we truly want in Elaine is official acknowledgement and sincerity to help us heal from the deep wounds that time and silence have put upon us."
While the State of Oklahoma has invested millions of dollars towards the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921, including a state of the art historical museum, a reparations commission, and a revitalization project, the State of Arkansas has done very little, comparatively speaking, towards the Elaine Race Massacre of 1919. Even the present memorial in Helena is a privately funded effort of the Elaine Massacre Memorial
Committee.
On Friday, Lisa Hicks Gilbert, along with Clarice and Kwami Abdul-Bey, submitted their signed omnibus pardon application to the Pardon Department of the Arkansas Department of Corrections' Institutional Release Services as the first step in the official process to obtain pardons for the Elaine defendants, "It is my hope that justice finally begins with this," wished Hicks.
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Photographs from the John Carter Memorial Marker Dedication Ceremony (from upper left clockwise): Dr. Brian Mitchell (UALR History Professor), Dr. Guy Lancaster (CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture editor), and Ben Washington (UA-Clinton School student) standing watching the ceremony; Quanita Freeman, (Executive Director of the Mosaic Templars Cultural Center announcing its partnership with APJMM and the City of Little Rock to rename the intersection of 9th & Broadway to John Carter Square;
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Kwami Abdul-Bey (APJMM co-convenor) going over an eyewitness account of John Carter's lynching in "America's Black Trap" by Clifford E. Minton to present to the audience as the master of ceremonies; Lorne Abdul-Bey and George West (co-founder of the LRCHS Memory Project) sitting watching the ceremony; and Toni T. Phinisey-Webber (Administrative Officer at the LRCHS National Historic Site, one of the co-sponsors of the ceremony).
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Two cities, two historic massacres:
Memory and trauma in Tulsa and Elaine
By Clarice & Kwami Abdul-Bey (Reprinted from the Arkansas Times)
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In April 1997, Oklahoma’s Republican Gov. Frank Keating signed Joint Resolution 1035 after it passed the state legislature unanimously. This new law created the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, now known as the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission. The commission’s task was to uncover any and all information surrounding the massacre with the goals of: making atonement to the descendants of the victims; educating the citizens of the state of Oklahoma on the massacre through a new required K-12 curriculum for all Oklahoma schools; and creating a statewide environment of truth and reconciliation.
As the co-conveners of the Arkansas Peace and Justice Memorial Movement (APJMM), we were very happy to visit Tulsa to participate in the centennial commemoration as participatory “Ambassadors for the State of Arkansas,” representing both the grassroots and the grass tops. We went to Oklahoma to learn everything we could about what it looks like for state, county and municipal governments to willingly and effectively demonstrate responsible leadership in the public reckoning of a dark, intentionally untaught history of a reign of terror in our nation that left hundreds of thousands of Black Americans as victims of racialized lynchings, expulsions and massacres. Our goal for the visit was to take the lessons we learned back home to Arkansas, which missed a golden opportunity to similarly honor the centennial memory of the tragic experience of Black Arkansans in the Elaine Race Massacre of 1919.
Oklahoma’s commission includes state legislators, university professors, state tourism and heritage officials, descendants of the massacre’s victims and other interested citizens. And, until current Governor Kevin Stitt signed HB1775 into law on May 10, effectively outlawing the teaching of critical race theory in all Oklahoma public schools, the governor even had a seat on the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission. (Stitt was ousted from the commission four days after he signed the critical race theory ban into law.)
The commission, funded with state appropriations, private donations and federal grants, has made significant progress. Their recently released 200-page report led to the uncovering of a mass grave of the victims of the massacre. The commission hosted a month-long calendar of events throughout the Tulsa area, including an internationally-televised symposium of truth and reconciliation and the dedication of a state-of-the-art museum called Greenwood Rising, previewed on HBO’s “The Watchmen.”
Since 2018, after we visited the brand new National Memorial for Peace and Justice and its accompanying Legacy Museum in Montgomery, Alabama, APJMM has worked diligently with a multitude of likeminded partners to help the state of Arkansas fully acknowledge its own difficult past — a documented 493 lynching victims, several massacres and expulsions, and a few dozen sundown towns throughout the state that still exist, and function as such, today. Despite convening meetings with the governor, several legislators and many executive branch officials, we have still been unsuccessful in establishing a statewide truth and reconciliation effort here, even though Arkansas ranks as the third deadliest state for documented racial terror lynchings.
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During the 2019 legislative session, several months before the 100th anniversary of the Elaine Race Massacre, we failed in our efforts to secure an official apology from the state. Lawmakers told us our truth and reconciliation efforts were the purview of the Arkansas MLK Commission, which they seemed to believe was the sole state agency sanctioned to handle “Black issues.” Yet, it was the privately-funded Elaine Massacre Memorial Committee, an independent group made up of descendants of both victims and perpetrators, that hosted this state’s observance, which was minuscule compared to Oklahoma’s commemoration of its own massacre.
During the 2021 legislative session, the Senate State Agencies and Governmental Affairs Committee completely ignored hundreds of supportive telephone calls, email messages and personal visits from supporters of SB674, which would have created the Unify Arkansas Commission, along with a pathway to the full posthumous exoneration of the 122 wrongfully convicted Black men of the Elaine Race Massacre.
So, what were the lessons learned from our visit to Tulsa, Oklahoma? The most important lesson is that we cannot ignore the past historic traumas that have been forced upon a segment of the population directly, and the rest of the population indirectly. Right now, most of the white elected officials in Arkansas seem willing to ignore the fact that Arkansas was a part of the Red Summer of 1919. We must learn that our past will continue to be our present, and will be cemented into our future, if our state does not officially acknowledge and reconcile its past beyond ubiquitous discussions of the 1957 Central High School integration crisis.
Judging from the targeted bills passed and signed into law during the 2021 legislative session — bills that will negatively, and intentionally, affect our different communities — all of the citizens of Arkansas will, one way or another, spend several years into the future grappling with the decisions made in this 93rd legislature. Again, our ignored past is our lived present and will likely become our future. Not only does it feel like we are reliving the rise of Jim Crow that worked hard to put an end to the Reconstruction era of Black prosperity, but that we are witnessing the rise of James Crow, Esq., whose mission it is to send a very clear and direct message to citizens of Arkansas in acts of violence via the pen.
Indeed, we can learn from other states like Oklahoma, Maryland, and Virginia — states that have recently created truth and reconciliation commissions and specified those efforts as being necessary to the health, safety and welfare of all of their citizens. If our legislature refuses to create the Unify Arkansas Commission we need to begin to heal from our past, we citizens will join together in the budding 2022 Statewide Citizen Initiative & Referendum Movement and create one ourselves. We are steadfast in our commitment to unify Arkansas through a truth and reconciliation process that can change hearts and minds, whether or not our own government joins us in this effort.
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Visit the APJMM YouTube Channel
Wanna know more about APJMM's work over the last decade? Subscribe to the APJMM YouTube Channel where you will have access to hundreds of videos documenting Clarice and Kwami Abdul-Bey's racial equity and social justice work throughout the State of Arkansas.
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